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2015年11月26日星期四

小桃源与陈楚楠


陈楚楠,祖籍福建厦门,1884年生于新加坡,卒于1971年。父亲陈泰是当地著名的木材商人和黄梨大王,在克拉码头拥有黄梨厂,后因发展码头,将土地献给政府,为了纪念他的无私贡献,克拉码头的支路陈泰坊就是以他的名字命名。陈楚楠青年的时候接受新思想,在邱菽园的影响下,他曾倾向保皇,常以“思明州少年”为笔名,在当地《天南新报》及香港《中国日报》上发表文章,抨击清政府的腐败,鼓吹维新,但后来在尤列等人的影响下,阅读了《革命军》、《扬州十日记》等大量革命书刊,转而接受革命思想。 1894年,他又与张永福集资创办《图南日报》,借助文字唤起民众进行民主革命、推翻清廷。

1901年,陈连亩,陈楚楠之兄,在马里士他路103号建造洋房,取名小桃源,这是年轻人聚集取乐之处,也是畅谈国事的场所。1903年邹容和章太炎被捕入狱准备引渡给清朝政府,陈楚楠等以小桃园名誉上书英驻上海大使馆,援引保护国事犯条例要求领事给予援助,邹容和章太炎最终获免引渡,陈楚楠、张永福、林义顺等人首次参加中国革命斗争,并获得胜利,深受鼓舞,而小桃源更因此名扬海外。19057月,孙中山前往东京途中过境新加坡,经尤列的介绍下与陈楚楠、张永福等相会。孙中山因宫崎事件被禁入境五年,当时禁令未解,后与警厅磋商,终于求得允许孙中山登岸,一行人在小桃源聚餐与会者还包括邵甘棠。

在日本成立同盟会之后,孙中山再度过境新加坡,这次禁令已过,张永福等人邀请他到晚晴园,孙中山在此建同盟会新加坡支部,他与李竹痴起稿盟书,第一天入会的有三人,陈楚楠、张永福和李竹痴,其他成员陆续加入,而陈楚楠和张永福出任同盟会首任正副会长。
小桃园
邹容
陈楚楠墓

小桃园建筑蓝图

2015年11月23日星期一

陈金钟墓


 
陈金钟是陈笃生长子,任暹罗驻新加坡领事,新加坡甲必丹,他和中国关系密切,但很少在这面的研究。在1887年,中国战舰致远号等访问新加坡时,他在树林园(位于甘榜爪哇,即Chinese Club)宴请官兵时说,“大清自开业以来二百余年,尊尚王道,乃日久而弱,故数十年来。海疆多事,但有文必有武备,惟今做始必先治内而后外患不入,非一朝一夕可以为之夫!中国能自振兴,共享太平,自是朝廷之福,而我辈亦可乐尧天。兹遇诸君皆抱异才,际遇风云可作公侯干城之选,将来精忠报国,共(勷)升平,敬望诸君有以尽欢于今夕也。”

邓世昌在致谢词说, 他在十七年前,即1870年首次到访新加坡,当时他只是海军的见习船员,对新加坡的热情款待,深为感激。

Tan Kim Ching Made a speech When Chinese Navy Squadron Visited Singapore in 1887,.

“The Tai-Tsing dynasty of the Middle Empire was established more than 200 years ago, and attained its glories through following the ‘Royal way’ (path of undeviating rectitude). With the lapse of time, and since half a century troubles have continued to increase during some years. But the administration of civil affairs should be combine military preparedness, in which direction a commencement has now been made; but it must begin internally so as to avoid outside aggression. To guard against disaster is not the work of a single day; and when the Middle Empire is able to defend itself and thus enjoy the benefits of tranquility and peace. It may indeed be deemed happy; and to us it will be a matter of great rejoicing. For the attainment of such perfection, depends upon the abilities and exertions of the Military and Navy; and the result will ultimately be the faithfully guardianship of the Empire. With such wishes, I hope that gentlemen now here will joyfully join with myself in drinking the health of the Admiral and Officers of the Squadron.”

Tan Kim Ching陈金钟
生于道光九年 卒于光绪十八年(1829-1892)

父亲陈笃生

母亲李淑娘

妻子蔡霞娘(蔡延龄之女)

子:善继、道纯、克让、巨川、幼英、佳节、应世、少康、光亮、遐龄

 女:青霓、兰娘、惠娘、温娘、来娘、宁娘、足娘、吉娘、昆娘、伸娘

陈金钟在武吉布朗的坟墓 Tan Kim Ching grave at Bukit Brown Cemetery
撰写林志强by Walter Lim



2015年1月22日星期四

少年陈延谦


陈延谦(Tan Eam Kiam),字益吾,又名逊南居士,止园老人,祖籍同安莲花澳溪,生于1881年,父亲陈仲款,在家乡务农,一家八口勤俭度日。他在10岁时入私塾读书,后来乡间遭遇瘟疫,浩劫过后仅留下父子二人。

19世纪90年代开始,第三次世界性的鼠疫大流行,鼠疫也由此进入福建,首先在厦门蔓延,并造成大量的人员伤亡。民国同安县志记载,1894年(光绪二十年),鼠疫大流行,同安 “大疫,鼠先死,染者或肿项,或结核,吐血,流行甚盛”。

父亲悲伤之余,决定离开故乡,他带着陈延谦到缅甸谋生,陈延谦过后辍学。后来独自陈延谦回到乡下,直到18岁才到新加坡谋生。



Bukit Brown
by Walter Lim
武吉布朗,撰写林志强

2015年1月21日星期三

武吉布朗——充满文化艺术气息的“露天博物院”



武吉布朗位于麦里芝蓄水池以南,连同毗邻的坟山,形成中国以外最大的华人坟场,2011年,政府决定开辟穿越坟场的新道路,这引发民间组织展开抢救频临消失的历史,在无意之间拼凑出武吉布朗惊艳的一面。

武吉布朗坟场成立于1922年,50年后封山,这正是革命元老的凋零期,四、五十位维新与革命领袖者长眠于此。如率领六百南洋商绅向身陷瀛台的光绪请安的邱菽园;在小桃园力救章炳麟、邹容的陈楚楠;极力宣扬维新并与中兴报笔战的《总汇新报》东主梅泉宝;精通三民主义并为革命组织露天演讲的林镜秋;尽管他们生前理念对立,但百年之后都在武吉布朗为邻,和平共处,而他们的事迹足以汇成一部革命史。新加坡是商贾齐集之地,除了历史名人,也有不少达官贵人,更少不了辛勤打拼的早期南来华人。多层次的历史,为武吉布朗披上一层层浓郁的人文色彩。

对常人而言,坟场仅是百年之后的归途,一堆白骨,与黄土砖石堆砌而成的墓茔,对武吉布朗来说,这却是文化重镇,艺术之都。雕工精美的青石浮雕,每一片就是一幕经典小说的剧情,白素贞水淹金山寺,关羽刮骨疗伤,诸葛亮七擒七纵,八仙过海等等,剧情目不暇给,不少还是以镂空雕刻。欧洲入口的磁片也是亮点,以金属粉末绘上各式图案,经高温烧烤而成的磁片,这类磁片色彩略带幽光,已经成为收藏家的珍藏,多数的款式都可以在这里找到,武吉布朗更像一座露天博物院。

新加坡是南洋中心,东西方汇集之处,各地文化随着移民而流入,不同文化之间的撞击形成另一股新潮流,这也就是20世纪初盛行一时的南洋风。这股南洋风情也在武吉布朗飘逸,裸体天使代替金童玉女侍侯墓主,威风凛凛的武将被手持长枪的锡克卫兵取代,一段段孔明精彩的故事化成青石浮雕,坟墓就由多元文化色彩拼凑而成。

去年,武吉布朗被世界文化遗迹基金列入消逝中的世界文化遗迹之观察名单。今年,《孤独星球》推荐新加坡为2015年全球最佳旅游国,武吉布朗也是旅游景点之一。在未来,武吉布朗或许会成为人生必到的100个景点之一。



Bukit Brown   - An "Open Air" Museum filled with Art and Culture 

Located south of the Macritchie Reservoir and set in verdant green, Bukit Brown and its neighboring cemeteries collectively form the largest Chinese immigrant graveyard outside of China. In 2011, the decision by the Singapore government to build a new highway through this cemetery sparked a ground-up effort to save a disappearing facet of Singapore’s past. . In so doing, this community of individuals started to unravel a forgotten history and heritage embodied and embedded in the stones of Bukit Brown.

50 years after Bukit Brown was established in 1922, the government stopped all burials within its precinct. This closure coincided with the time when between 40-50  (1911) Chinese revolutionary pioneers passed into history and found their final resting place in Bukit Brown .  These gentlemen included a literary and patriotic giant by the name of Khoo Siok Wan, who had led 500 others to appeal for the immediate release of Emperor Guangxu who was under house arrest in China’s Forbidden City, and Tan Chor Nam who led the campaign to rescue Zhang Bing Lin and Zhou Rong -  the 2 leading intellectuals of their time from the clutches of the Manchu Imperial Court - to safe refuge in his villa in Balestier Road.  Others such as Boey Chuan Poh,  owner and lead writer of a publication (Zong Hui Xin Bao)  wrote extensively for the cause of constitutional monarchy and Lim Keng Chiew - a consummate orator and propagandist – lent weight to the revolution of 1911. Despite the ideological differences during their lifetimes, they now reside side by side, their  lives intertwined, speak of the turbulence and upheavals that was China’s fate.  Singapore was not only the place where the tycoons’ paths crossed, it was also focal point for many leading lights of the time and where countless masses came to toil.  This multi-layering of interconnected lives lends colour, texture  and nuance to Singapore’s history. 

Bukit Brown is also a  cultural heavy weight and a center of art.  Behind every elaborately carved tombstone is a classic Chinese tale of morality and literature.  The stones are a repository of Chinese classics, comprising iconic scenes from  Madam White Snake, Romance of the 3 Kingdoms, and the Tales of 8 immortals among many others.  It is a show case of intricately carved cultural motifs from artisans of a dying art in China and European imported tiles fired at high temperature with gold inserts that glitter faintly in the dark.  Many tiles of different origins and design have, over the passage of time, become treasured collectors’ items making Bukit Brown a veritable “Living Museum”

Singapore was the heart of South-East Asia (“Nanyang”), a confluence where East meets West.  The popular early 20th century Nanyang fashion was created when different cultures collide and blend into one another.   This was made manifest, when stone carved naked angels evolved from the traditional Golden Boy and Jade Girl, armed Punjabi Sikh guards from ferocious door guardians and Western style lions from their mythical Chinese counterparts.

Bukit Brown is in the World Monuments Watch list 2014 as an endangered world heritage site worthy of protection.  In October this year, as Lonely Planet voted Singapore as the best country to visit in 2015, Bukit Brown is one of their recommended sites.  In the not too distant future, Bukit Brown could well become one of the top 100 global sites to visit in one’s lifetime. 

Bukit Brown
by Walter Lim
武吉布朗,撰写林志强

2015年1月12日星期一

张家仁——复、兴、民、族、世、界,大、同、昌、前、裕、后

张家仁又名张寿山,1938年去世,享年59岁,他在1918年,即29岁结婚,育有4子女,儿子以国字为字辈,名字依序为天下太平,三名女儿却叫免生、错生、尾生,重男轻女的观念浓厚,不过最有趣的还是12名孙子,他们以孝为字辈,分别为复、兴、民、族、世、界,大、同、昌、前、裕、后。
按推断,张家仁最年长的儿子也只不超过19岁,甚至还未成年,因此有12 位孙子是不可能的事。
在以往,传宗接代是非常重要的事,正如不孝有三,无后为大,男丁有责任振兴家族,尤其是大房的长子嫡孙。闽南有这样的习俗,父亲去世时,如果没有孙子,或孙子太少,就会在墓碑上“增添”孙子的人数,在以往,这是视为必须的,儿子有义务为家族添丁。在无法预测的情况下,如无法达到指定孙子的人数,其他兄弟的后人就会过继填补。
张家仁祖籍海南,相信当时还没有任何孙子,至于海南人是否有类似习俗,或为何要增添孙子人数,恐怕还需要更多的调查。


Bukit Brown
by Walter Lim
武吉布朗,撰写林志强